THE MOONSTONE ^@N@
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The novel The Moonstone is set in England in 1848 but the story really began 50 years earlier. 9@!`,Co  
The Moonstone is a huge yellow diamond that was once part of a statue of the moon god in India. An Englishman murdered three holy men, stole the diamond from the temple and brought it back with him to London. When his sister heard about this, she would no speak to him any more. KQEnC`Nz  
The diamond was cursed and the man lived a sad, lonely life without friends or family. When he died he left the Moonstone to his sister's daughter, Rachel, in and act of revenge, passing on his bad fortune to her. !7_Q_h',  
Rachel would receive the Moonstone as a present on the reception for her eighteenth birthday. !#>{..}}3  
Rachel Verinder is a beautiful and wealthy young woman. She lives with her mother and several servants in a fine house in the north of England. She spends the days before her birthday party with her childhood friend Franklin Blake, painting a door in her sitting room with flowers and birds. They work together on it and finish it on Rachel's birthday. N!,@}s  
Franklin, who is a smoker, is very considerate towards Rachel. His move to quit smoking cigars to please her is seen by the servants as evidence that he is in love with Rachel. %=GnGgu  
The Moonstone is the most splendid gift to Rachel at her birthday party. All the guests are astonished by its size and rare beauty. nlJxF5/  
But from the moment Rachel fastens it to her dress, things start going wrong. r;9F@/  
Is it coincidence or is it the Moonstone's bad luck that causes the tension and strange things that happen during the rest of the evening? lwa  
First of all, one of the guests, Godfrey, asks Rachel to marry him, but she declines. Godfrey is an elegant and successful bachelor with many lady admirers. kMUjSa~\  
Then over dinner, Franklin mentions that he has not been sleeping well since he gave up smoking and Dr Candy, the local doctor, offers to write him a prescription for some medicine. Franklin's reply that doctors just guess which drug they should recommend, makes Dr Candy extremely angry. mio\}SA  
Finally some Indians in unusual foreign clothes come to the house offering to entertain the guests, but they are not very skilled and behave strangely. 3]V"9+  
At the end of the party everyone leaves except for Franklin and Godfrey, who are staying the night. `|Ih"EZ  
Before going to bed, Rachel puts the diamond in a drawer of a cupboard in her sitting room, but the following morning it is gone. Troubled by the loss of such a valuable jewel, Rachel's mother hires the famous detective Sergeant Cuff to investigate the theft. 1{_;`V  
As the story develops, we discover some secrets about the people at the house that night, and the reasons why they might have stolen the diamond. V,lz}&3L  
At first Sergeant cuff suspects the Indians. He finds out that they are not real entertainers, but religious followers of the moon god. They follow the Moonstone around the world waiting for an opportunity to take the diamond back to India. ,zO!`|I  
The detective wonders whether they hid somewhere in the house until everyone was asleep and then stole it. He goes on asking questions about the party and learns about Franklin's quarrel with Dr Candy. He also hears that Godfrey was disappointed when refused to marry him. Did Dr Candy or Godfrey take the Moonstone as revenge for loss of face? {8'I+-  
The servants also had opportunities to steal the Moonstone. Sergeant Cuff discovers that Rosanna, the maid, was a thief before Rachel's mother gave her the job. The other servants report that she has recently been busy doing something in her room late at night, and often goes for walks alone. Rosanna also seems very fond of Franklin. The detective believes she may have taken the diamond either from force of habit or to cause a disagreement between Rachel and Franklin. ,|}Pof=]xk  
Finally he considers Rachel and Franklin. Rachel is stubborn in resisting his enquiries about the Moonstone to the degree that she makes it seem as if she does not want the mystery to solved. Did she steal the diamond herself? 85m_jmh[  
Perhaps she has debts that need to be paid. Ub0g{   
Franklin, on the other hand, gives the detective as much assistance as he can. Why is he so enthusiastic when the whole investigation clearly annoys Rachel? r6JdF!\d  
Sergeant Cuff has one vital clue. He has found a smear in the wet paint on the door of Rachel's sitting room that was not there during the party. D&$%JT
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Whoever is guilty must have a stain on his or her clothes. If he find the stained garment, he will have found the thief. r,aV11{  
So who stole the Moonstone?

SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF THE MOONSTONE XN Y(@  
The case of the Moonstone was most unusual. I knew that the answer was in the smear of paint on Rachel Verinder's sitting room door, but I couldn't find the garment which made the mark. {XAKf_Cg  
At the time Rachel was behaving very strangely, especially when she refused to answer my questions. I was convinced that she had taken her own diamond, and that Rosanna and assisted her. BdTj0{S1
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I assumed her maid had taken Rachel's garment with the paint stain, hidden it, and then secretly made a new one in her room during the night. We`axkC  
However, what happened later proved me wrong. After the party Rachel went to London. Where Godfrey again asked her to marry him, and this time she accepted. However, when she found out that Godfrey had heavy debts and only wanted to marry her for her money, she cancelled the wedding. &xVWN>bd^  
This made me curious, and when I heard that some Indians had attacked Godfrey, I became even more interested. I began to wonder whether I had been mistaken about Rachel and Rosanna. = 2k+/0ZbP  
Franklin Blake, meanwhile, received a letter from Rosanna saying that she knew what he had done on the night the Moonstone disappeared. She had found paint stains on his clothes when she cleaned his room. She admitted that she had hidden the evidence because she loved him and wanted to keep him out of trouble. s}.nh>Q  
The letter confused Franklin and he decided that he had to talk to Rachel, even though she was still angry with him. hN.#ui5 $  
When they met, Franklin was shocked to hear Rachel telling him that she had seen him take the diamond but had protected him from me by not answering my questions. (- uk[["3  
Poor Franklin found the new deeply disturbing. Was it possible that he had stolen Rachel's diamond and then forgotten that he did it?  _R]1J0  
In all my years as a detective I have never heard of a thief having such a loss of memory. `4o;Lz~  
And where had he put the jewel if he had taken it? NO&OuiN  
Fortunately, Dr Candy had the solution. You may remember that Franklin was suffering from lack of sleep at the time of Rachel's birthday, and had upset Dr Candy with his remarks about doctors. uGv+c.~[j  
Later that evening Dr Candy had put some opium into Franklin's drink to prove to him that it would help. o)$sZ{` ="  
Franklin slept very well that night dreaming about the diamond, and without waking up, he had moved it to his bedroom where he thought it would be safer. :KFhryN  
Franklin and Rachel were both delighted to discover that Franklin was innocent after all. Ai/#C$MY$  
It warmed my heart to see them so happy together, but the diamond was still missing. We could not find it in Franklin's bedroom. k";;Snk  
Where was it? They asked me to find it, so I continued my investigation.  ELm#  
This time I was more successful and eventually discovered the real thief: Godfrey! It turned out that Godfrey had also seen Franklin move the diamond that night and, knowing that Franklin would be accused, he had taken it. `@ObM[0p(  
The diamond seemed to be the perfect solution to his financial problems, but was, in fact, the start of many difficulties. xsa* XR  
Godfrey found it impossible to sell the Moonstone in England because everyone knew it was stolen. Desperate for money, he tried to persuade Rachel to marry him, but when she changed her mind, he had no choice but to go abroad to sell the diamond. DC NuvrZ  
My detective work finally led me to the ship where I found Godfrey. Unfortunately I arrived too late. Godfrey was dead and the Moonstone was gone. Lpn`HAw&  
I am embarrassed to admit that I made many mistakes in this investigation. If you guessed who had committed the crime, then you are better detective than the famous Sergeant Cuff! +"C0de|-  
I have never found the Moonstone, and I cannot prove who killed Godfrey. I wonder, however, whether perhaps justice was done after all. &
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Godfrey paid a high price for his crime. He lost the jewel and his life, while Franklin and Rachel are very much in love and engaged to be married. {{O1 C~  
As for the Moonstone, I have heard that it has somehow returned to its true home in India, where it once again decorates the forehead of the statue of the moon god.

Dialogue 1 %G*D0pE  
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L:Hi Amenda, Oh no! Aren't you ready yet? You know, Colin will be offended if we're not on time. WJWrLu92\U  
J: Sorry, but I can't make up my mind what to wear. What do you think - this or the dress? 6W o7q\"  
L:Well, the blue skirt and pink blouse are very pretty, but I think your red dress is better for a party, it's more elegant. yO)Qg*r  
J: Right, the red dress it is, have a seat, I'll only be 5 minutes. el<nY" c  
L:Ok, but be quick... Oh what a lovely necklace! '_%Jw:4k  
J:Thanks, my grandmother gave it to me, and before that it belonged to her mother. It's over a hundred years old. JP]K\nQx'  
L:Really? But the way it shines it looks like new! 0ni5:t Yy  
J:That's because it's a real diamond, don't you know that diamonds last for ever, they never look old! LxO'$oKZV  
L:I didn't know that! Look, lets go, and you can tell me about it on the way, it'll be embarrassing if we're the last to arrive.

Dialogue 2 I<#kw)W!  
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D: Hello Josef, what's that you're reading? vsR&1hs  
A: It's called The Woman in White. / nR
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D: Oh, that's a novel by Wilkie Collins isn't it; we've been reading about the Moonstone in class. Is the Woman in White a detective story too? 2/WXdo  
A: Well sort of, but in this story the person who investigates is not a policeman like Sergeant Cuff, he's an art teacher. rkp0ej2-  
D: What is it about? A&#Bf#!G  
A: Well, I haven't finished yet, but at the beginning of the book the art teacher meets a mysterious woman dressed in white while he is out walking one night. It turns out that the Woman in White looks very similar to his student - Laura - so he tries to find out more about her. He discovers that the man Laura has just married knows the Woman in White and is responsible for some terrible things that happened to her. It seems that Laura's husband is a very wicked man. _l<"Qqt  
D: Sounds exciting! %*hBrjbj  
A: Yes, I hope the art teacher finds out the truth before Laura's husband does anything bad to her. ujBADDwOg)  
D: Mmm, can I borrow it after you finish it? kE}Ib4]J  
A: Sure, it may take me a while though, because it is in English and I have to read slowly.

THE FATHER OR THE MODERN ENGLISH DETECTIVE NOEL e';c8WF3E  
Wilkie Collins was born in London in 1824 and his first novel - a historical romance called Anatonia - was published when he was 26. Q#bo!]H{t  
Shortly after this he met Charles Dickens, and they formed a close friendship that lasted for ten years and influenced both men's writing. wWswuhq<  
Collins went on to publish 25 novels are well as many short stories, plays and works of non-fiction. However, he is most well known for the two mystery novels The woman is White and The Moonstone. +/8?+1E ^  
Collins published both mysteries as serials in All the Year Round. When it appeared in the magazine in 1860, The Woman in White was so popular that it became the subject of a song and a play. It even influenced fashion, and many women started to dress in white. =v"{EmT[$  
Eight years later The Moonstone was published and earned Collins the title "the father or the modern English detective novel". TyXOd,% zl  
TS Elliot, another famous writer, said that The Moonstone was the "first and greatest of English detective novels", and it is still admired by modern crime writers today. c=E.-  
An author of many mysteries, Dorothy L Sayers considered The Moonstone to be "probably the very finest detective story ever written", and many people agree with her. LM`#S/h  
There are several reasons why they think so. One is the way the events in the novel are revealed to the reader. Collins uses different characters to tell each section of the story. The characters have very different personalities and voices, which are interesting and often amusing. 1S@k=EKM  
There are also several features of the plot which started trends in mystery writing. For example, many detective stores are set in a country house, in a situation where the theft must have been committed by one of the people in the house. 88U  
The character of a famous detective with an unusual appearance and habits occurs in many books, and an innocent person is often under suspicion at first. c67!OHumP  
A number or modern films have also used the idea of a cursed jewel stolen from a religious statue. c(JO;=,@9  
And of course, in The Moonstone and most other good mystery novels, the person who at first seems the least likely to be the criminal turns out to be guilty.

In the eighteenth century new farming methods in Britain made agriculture more efficient. This was followed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by changes in industry as factories started to use newly invented machines. These two periods in British history were so important that they are known as the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions. They were times of great economic and technical progress which also resulted in some huge changes in the society, one of which was a rise in crime. $[;eb,  
Farms could produce more with fewer workers, so people from the countryside moved to the cities to look for work in factories. However, there were not enough jobs for all those who wanted them. g#nsA(_L  
As urban populations increased, unemployment, overcrowding and poverty became widespread. As a consequence of their struggle to survive, many people became criminals. The crime rate rose rapidly, and by 1840 it was higher than ever before. Kyiez]T6%q  
The most common crimes were theft by pick pocketing or housebreaking even though the punishment was extreme. UdgI<a~`k6  
Many criminals were sent to America or Australia, or found themselves living in terrible conditions in overcrowded and dirty prisons. In fact, until 1823 a person could even be put to death for stealing a piece of bread or picking a pocket. EGO@`<"h  
History books present the facts, but fiction that was written at the time also tells us what daily life was really like. Wilkie Collins' the Moonstone shows how wealthy people lived, and other writers provided information about different sections of society. For example, Charles Dickens' novel a Christmas Carol explains the great difference that existed between the lifestyles of rich people and those who were poor.

A housemaid worked very long hours and only had half a day off each week. PQ#-.K  
Rosanna had to start work at 5:00 am in order to clean and light the fires before the family of the house woke up. Then she laid the table for breakfast while other servants took Rachel and her mother cups of tea and helped them to get dressed. After the family had finished breakfast, the servants would eat theirs downstairs in the servants' hall. This was usually a plain room with simple wooden furniture. fF]&{b~wk  
The food "downstairs" was basic, not the rich food from the "upstairs" dining room. /t6u "I~  
After breakfast Rosanna would clean the rooms, serve meals and be "on call" whenever she was needed. 4y}a,  
Her day would end after she had served evening tea a about 9:30 pm. She might sit in the servants' hall to play cards or chat for a while before going to bed. T^H) lC#R  
Servants had little private life or free time of their own, so they were interested in everything that happened "upstairs" and would gossip about the family and their guests. nz?BLO=  
Despite the hard word required of them, servants were paid little, and there were some families who treated their servants badly. NeZYchR  
However, in many houses the servants had great affection for the "upstairs" family, and felt part of a "downstairs" family too. .;v'oR1x5  
Most servants had a safe environment to work in, plenty of food and a clean bed to sleep in. This was very different from the dirt and poverty that thousands of unemployed people were living in at the time. exN#!&;  
It was also different from the dangerous conditions in many of the factories. In fact, a lot of people thought that working as a servant for a kind family was good job.

Part 1 /J9T
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The next time you visit a zoo, try to imagine what it would be like to live in a cage, far away from home. It doesn't seem like too much fun, does it? In order to find out more about how animals are treated at the zoo, we spoke to Mary Jones, who is a zoologist at a large zoo. n4r( Vg1GS  
R: Good morning, Mary. Thanks for talking to us. Can you tell us about your job at the zoo? P+z I9~N[  
M: I'd be happy too. My job is to make life more interesting for the animals here. As you can imagine, many animals become bored and unhappy when they live in a zoo. Just like you and me, they need things to do and they need challenges. If life is too dull and easy, they can even get sick and die. `aWwF} +Y  
R: So what do you do to help them? 82@;.%  
M: What we try to do is to get the animals to interact with their environment and use their natural skills and behaviours. By giving the animals objects or changing their environment, zookeepers can give the animals exercise for both the body and the mind. If the animals get to use the same skills that they might use in the wild, they will feel more comfortable. gU 2c--`  
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Part 2 <2@<r
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R: How can you make animals feel more comfortable? ;~1/eF  
M: Since many wild animals spend most of their time hunting or looking for food, we often use food to stimulate the animals. If the animals have to search for the food, if the food looks or tastes different, the animals will enjoy it more. Sometimes we give them unusual food, such as a block of ice with meat or bone inside. Our tigers love this and use different ways to get the ice to melt - one tiger put it in the pool to make it melt faster. CyBM4q
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R: That sounds like fun! }HQT @&=  
M: We can also stimulate the animals by changing the smell of their environment. In the wild, different smells tell the animals who has visited and who lives there. We sometimes use perfumes and spices to make the animals interested. %Ty {1'o  
R: What else do you do? XY t8vJ  
M: Another way to change the environment is to put new objects in it. A tree, a box, or something unusual gives the animals something to explore and play with. It can also make the animals feel happier. X)R]a]1A  
R: I see. 1.d9{LO[-  
M: Finally, animals love to learn. We use games and other activities to give the animals a chance to make choices and solve problems. When animals play and understand a game, they feel more comfortable and enjoy their environment more. We also use the things they have learnt, such as lifting a leg or paw, to make it easier for zookeepers to examine injured animals.

THE LANGUAGE OF HONEY-BEES ohQz%?r  
There are many different varieties of bee. Some live in large groups like the honey-bee, and make their nests in trees or holes in the rocks. Other species make their nests in holes in the ground. There are also varieties that do not live in groups at all. = FtM;(\  
Among the different kinds of bee, it is the honey-bee that has interested scientists most because of the "language" they use to communicate with each other. zn2"swhq\V  
The development of the modern beehive in 1851 made it possible to design experiments to research the language of honey-bees. :w {M6mM>  
Professor Karl von Frisch, a scientist from Austria, spent many years of his life researching the amazing ways honey-bees communicate in their dark hives. After working with bees of many years, Professor von Frisch was puzzled by something he had noticed again and again. When he placed little dishes of honey on a table, bees soon came. As soon as one bee discovered the honey, many more came to it one after another in a short time. V:,3O LL*  
It seemed that one bee was able to communicate the news of food to other bees in its hive. How was this possible? &;NNUT>Q  
To find out, von Frisch built several hives, each with only one honeycomb. He built a transparent wall through which he could observe what went to inside. 3%vx'1h[  
In order to tell the bees apart, he painted some bees with little dots of colour. When a marked bee returned to the hive from the feeding table, von Frisch watched through the glass. To his surprise, the bee began to perform a dance on the surface of the honeycomb. First it made a circle to the right, then to the left. It repeated theses circles over and over again. +hgaBJy  
But that was not all. The dance seemed to excite the surrounding bees. They trooped behind the first dancer, copying its movements. Then the bees left the hive and went to the feeding place. The circle dance seems to communicate news of food. But what else? ^huBqEs  
Von Frisch assumed that the dance conveyed more information. ${TB2q}%  
To find out whether his assumption was correct, he set up two feeding places. One was close to the hive, the other was much farther away, beyond some trees. He marked all the bees that came to the nearby feeding place blue, and all the bees that went to the far-away place red. PoBukOv  
When the bees came back to the hive, von Frisch saw a curious sight. All the bees that had been at the nearby feeding place were doing the circling dance. The bees that had been at the distant feeding place were doing a completely different dance, a wagging dance. The dancer ran in a straight line, wagging from side to side. Then it turned in a semicircle, ran straight again, and turned in another semicircle to the opposite side. It kept repeating the "steps" over and over. %
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Things were clear now. It was evident that the circle dance told the bees about the location of the feeding place. It was also apparent that the wagging dance, where the bee moved sideways sent another message about the feeding place. 0f=N3)  
Next, von Frisch and his colleagues set up feeding place close to the hive. Then they slowly moved it farther and farther away. Back at the hive they watched the wagging dance closely. With a stop-watch, they counted how many times the bees repeated the dance during one minute. They discovered that the farther away the feeding station was, the slower the dance was. Y>dg10=  
So another astonishing fact came to light. The number of wagging dances per minute told the exact distance to the feeding place. AT8B!m   
They also found out that bees fly a maximum distance of 3.2 kilometres between their hive and feeding place. VxPTh\O*[  
The remaining question for Professor von Frisch and his partners was to find out whether bees could tell each other the exact position of a feeding place. For example, was it possible for bees to communicate precise details such as north, south, southwest and southeast? eBYaq!t k  
To answer the question, Professor von Frisch and his colleagues would have to obtain enough data to provide an adequate account of the bees' behaviour. GH; F3s  
After designing more experiments, they were able to clarify the procedure by which bees communicate information that they use to find and fetch food. When honey-bees have discovered a feeding place, they fly directly to it from the hive. 8ZNd|\  
After a short time a line of bees fly to and from the hive like a thin stream. _,K>u6N&  
Centuries ago, the word "bee-line" was created and today the expression "to make a beeline for someone or something" means to go quickly along a straight course for somebody or something. zM8/s96h  
For his lifetime's work in studying the communication of animals, including hone-bees, Professor Karl von Frisch was awarded a Noble Prize in 1973, which he shared with two other scientists. He died in 1982.

PRIMATES bYwI==3
 
Like all other living creatures, human beings belong to a group of other animals that share certain characteristics. nz,Mqol  
Zoologists place us in a group called primates, which include other mammals such as apes and monkeys. Among the key features found in primates are hands and feet that can grasp and often have opposable thumbs and toes. That means that primates are better than other animals at holding, moving and using objects. Indeed, many primates, most notably, human beings, have learnt to make and use tools. .V5q$5j  
Primates also have a better sense of touch and the primate brain is larger - compared to body size - than that of other animals. Depending on the size of the brain, primates are divided into two groups: higher primates (human beings and apes) and lower primates. ^CowJ(y(  
There are some 183 species of primates and they are also sometimes divided into two other groups: new world primates, which are small monkeys that live in trees, such as the spider monkey and the night monkey; old world primates include monkeys, apes and humans. They are bigger and spend more time on the ground. D8r>a"gx  
There are several important differences between apes and monkeys: P!`Q_h6a  
apes have no tail, nearly all monkeys do; XM$5S+e  
apes tend to be larger and walk more upright; ;n(#b8r9  
apes use sight more than smell. uM6CG0  
Apes also have more developed brains and give birth to fewer young, which need a long time to grow up. { ()p%#*
 
Zoologists also make a distinction between great apes (including gorillas and chimpanzees) and lesser apes. sDaT[).Hm  
Most primates are social animals that live in groups and communicate with each other. e3yorQ][  
A few live alone @+0@BO12  
Gorillas live in groups of one male and several females, and chimpanzees live in groups of many males and many females. ?$"x^=te7  
While their societies are different, they all communicate and behave in advanced ways. OPvj{Dv$0  
Primates use facial expressions, body language and sounds to express themselves and they can even use colour and smell to communicate. Sometimes they warn each other of danger, and they also communicate simply to keep in touch. LVR;&Z>j  
Our closest relative among the primates is the chimpanzee, an intelligent great ape that lives in western and central Africa. Chimpanzees are about 50 centimeters to metre tall and weight around 25 to 50 kilogrammes. Males are larger then females and can be up to 1.2 metres tell and weigh 70 kilogrammes. Chimpanzees have very long arms and are covered with black hair. They use the same senses as we do and their feet and hands are similar to ours, except that chimpanzees still have opposable toes and can grasp things with their feet. )0Y #-=.<  
Their diet is also similar to ours - they eat meat and plants - even if they sometimes feast on things we may find disgusting, such as insects and ants. rd&*j^?  
Modern science has allowed us to discover that human beings and chimpanzees are closer than we thought - our genes are more than 95% similar! fWtb mUq  
Because chimpanzees and other great apes are so close to us, scientists have conducted many experiments in order to find out whether other primates can do what we do. Scientists who study animal psychology have trained chimpanzees to do all kinds of things humans do, such as solving problems and even using language. While these experiments are interesting and useful, it is important to remember that they many not always tell us much about how chimpanzees think and what they are able to do. W%Y.SP$Y  
The reason is simple: what the chimpanzees are trained to do is not natural to them, nor does it make much sense to the animals. What may be of greater importance is to observe how primates live in the wild. bm|Jb"T0b  
How do they adapt to a changeable environment? 
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Some animals have physical adaptations, such as the stripes of a zebra, which many help it hide from enemies, or the body of a camel, which helps it survive in the desert. "k\Ff50  
Other animals have learnt to behave in certain ways or even use primitive tools. Chimpanzees use more tools than most other animals. They use long pieces of grass to catch insects, they use stones as missiles and to crack open nuts, such as the African walnut, and they use leaves to collect and drink water.