DIAGNOSED WITH CANCER: THE DAY MY LIFE ENDED … AND BEGAN rKR<R(=!=  
I will never forget that Tuesday afternoon in the doctor's office. I had been feeling sick for a long time and my mum had taken me to hospital to have me examined. Two weeks ago, Dr Richards asked me a great many questions and took samples of my blood. Now, he was looking at mum and me across his desk and there was a sad look in his eyes. I knew that the news was bad. Dr Richards told me that the test results showed that I was suffering from a serious disease. "It is cancer," he said. I did not know much about cancer then, but I had heard that it was an incurable disease. Mum held my hand and I saw that she was crying. I remember having an empty feeling in my stomach and thinking that my life was going to end. VpJ
2Qpd=  
I was wrong. This was only the beginning. Cancer, Dr Richards explained, can be treated. Cancer is a disease that begins in cells. There are many types of cells in the body and each has a special function. In a healthy body, cells grow and divide to produce new cells only when it is necessary. In my body, the production of cells is disrupted. Cells either divide too fast or at the wrong time, making it difficult for the body to function properly. Nobody knows why some people get cancer and others do not. Doctors do know that cancer is not caused by injury and is not contagious - it does not spread from one person to another. Ba@UX(t  
The next year was painful and difficult for me and my family. Like many people with cancer, I had to be treated with radiation followed by treatment with chemicals. The treatment made me sick, very sick. There were days when I wished that I were dead so that I would not have to feel so sick. My family and friends were wonderful. They helped me find the strength I needed to recover and they kept me from feeling sad and lonely. Dr Richards and the others at the hospital told me that I was a fighter and that I could win. They were right. The treatment was successful and I was able to go home after exactly fourteen months, two days and six hours in hospital. F1MPo;e  
Two years have passed since that day in Dr Richards' office and my life has not yet ended. On the contrary, I now feel as if that was when my life really began. I have been living with cancer for two years and I plan to keep living with it for a long, long time. Yes, my life has changed. The cancer in my body has been defeated for the moment, but I know that I will never be completely free from it. It can come back at any time and the struggle will never end. I now think of my cancer as a gift. It taught me an important lesson about life. Living with cancer has made me realise how precious life is and how important it is for us to take every chance to live life to the fullest. Every day is a new opportunity, and I have learnt to appreciate every minute of each day.

Part 1 [#2= w  
K: Hello, Pr Watts. Thank you for letting me interview you. -M[5K/[  
W: You're welcome. Now, what would you like to know? y4envjl0  
K: Well, my first question is about the name of the disease. What does AIDS stand for? Rmd;ug9  
W: When we talk about AIDS, we often use the term HIV/AIDS. HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS stands for "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome". =ohdL_6  
K: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. OK, got it. But I'm not sure I understand what it means. _G'. VSGH  
W: Well, to "acquire" something is to get something, so "acquired" means that you can get infected with the disease. "Immune" comes from "immune system", the system that protects our body from diseases. wmT3 >  
K: So "acquired immune" tells us that this is a disease that we can get from other people and that has something to do with our immune system. What exactly does AIDS do to our immune system? h! )(R<  
W: That's what the next word tells us. If something is "deficient", it means that it isn't functioning properly, it isn't working the way it should. So "acquired immune deficiency" means that even though we were both with a good immune system, we have now got a disease that breaks down the immune system. 78NAcP~6c  
K: Wow, that's terrible! So what happens when someone's immune system doesn't work? <vb
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W: Well, to put it simply, he or she gets sick a lot. The last word in AIDS, "syndrome", means all the bad things that happen to your body when the immune system doesn't work. 2poU\
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0jg-]  
Part 2 Ie+z"&0  
People who die of AIDS actually don't die of AIDS. When a person infected with HIV develops AIDS, he or she easily gets sick. A person with AIDS has a very weak immune system. Many common diseases can be cured in patients whose immune system functions well, but when they enter the body of a person with AIDS, they can kill him or her. Many AIDS patients die of infections or serious colds, but there are also many diseases that we have never heard of. If your immune system is working, they may not be able to do any harm, but because the immune system has been weakened, the diseases can't be cured. They will grow stronger and stronger until one day they kill the patient with AIDS. Therefore, much of the treatment an AIDS patient receives is meant to help the body defend itself against diseases.

FIGHTING THE VIRUS: HIV/AIDS IN AFRICA MHxv@1)K|Y  
The numbers are frightening: in 2002 more than 40 million people in the world were living with HIV or AIDS. Of these, about 3 million were children and more than 11 million were between 15 and 24. Since the first case was discovered in 1981, nearly 24 million people have died of AIDS and about 3 million people die of the disease every year. Each year, more than 5 million people become infected with the virus. 4qyL' \d[  
The situation is especially difficult in Sub-Saharan Africa. According to the United Nations, there are 640 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa, and almost 27 million are infected with the virus. Of all the AIDS deaths to date, 16 million, or 66.7%, have been in Africa and in 2002 there were 3.5 million new infections. HIV/AIDS is spreading fast - more than 3 million Africans become infected every year - and most countries do not have enough money to prevent and treat the disease. About 2.5 million Africans die of AIDS every year and tens of millions more will die soon if nothing is done. Millions of children lose their parents and families lose their ability to make enough money to survive. The effect of AIDS is so strong that many African countries are almost being destroyed by the disease. If these numbers were to grow, the future of Africa might be in danger. U.wgae].O;  
As with many diseases, children seem to suffer the most from AIDS. About 2 million African children have HIV/AIDS. Even if they themselves are not infected, the disease can ruin their lives. They may have to care for sick relatives and are often unable to go to school. Living with a parent or parents who have AIDS is painful and difficult. Because the parents cannot work, the children may not have enough food and must help take care of the family. If a child is indeed infected, he or she often has to keep the disease a secret. If people were more understanding, the lives of these children could be improved. One of the most important things we must do is to make sure that children who are affected by the disease receive the help and care that they need. Ns1u0$fg  
The good news is that it is still not too late to protect the poor against the worst effects of HIV/AIDS. By providing education, health care and wider access to medicines, the spread of the disease can be slowed down and the effects can be reduced. In some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the fight against the virus is beginning to show results. In areas where powerful action has been taken, there are fewer new infections and better care for the victims of the disease. Great challenges remain, of course: prevention efforts and the treatment, care and support of those who are suffering from the disease must continue. kTC6fNj[  
More than 90% of Africans have not acquired HIV/AIDS. What we must do now is to make sure that they do not become infected in the future. It is especially important to protect young people from the disease. We must also treat and care for the millions of Africans who are living with the disease. We must also understand that HIV/AIDS is a global problem. The disease may have hit Sub-Saharan Africa harder than other areas, but the disease is still spreading and we must all be part of the fight against the virus. If more is done, the situation will improve. It seems unlikely that AIDS will ever disappear. We hope for a cure and new discoveries, but the fact seems to be that we must all learn to live with HIV/AIDS.

Two people have just arrived at the hospital, each with a child. A nurse is asking them questions. 64}Oa+*s  
Oa~t&s  
Part 1 w5jH#ja  
N = Nurse; F = Father; H = Harry u*[,W-R&  
N: Can I help you? yY*OAC  
F: Yes. I wonder if you could look at Harry's leg. ltt%X].[  
N: What's the matter with it? sCaw"{5qc  
F: He was bitten by a dog yesterday evening. It was bleeding quite badly. 'jcDfv(v<  
N: Let's have a look at it then. I see. What did you do before bringing him here? N!;Y;<Ro_  
F: I washed the wound under running water for a few minutes. Then I dried it with a clean cloth and tied another piece of clean cloth around it. 5gI@~h S  
N: Have you had any pain? Does it hurt? ZERUvk  
H: Yes, it does hurt a bit. {exF"ap  
N: Was it your dog? i1vBg}WHN  
H: No. It belongs to a neighbour. 8c+i+g
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N: This is very important. The dog must be examined immediately.
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F: Why is that? The dog is usually very friendly. L7n->8Qk  
N: If the dog has a disease that makes it bite people, your son could die. RZ
|s[bU  
+ qpD>5#  
Part 2 @Z@yI2#e  
N = Nurse; M = Mother {+ [rJ_  
N: Can I help you? uHz D  
M: Yes. This is my daughter Jill. She's two and a half. She's drunk some ink. ixiRFBUcF~  
N: Some ink? When did this happen? Fhxg^  
M: About half an hour ago. *i5&x/ds  
N: Did you give her any first aid? e yTYg  
M: No, I didn't know what to do. I thought it might be poison so I brought her here at once. oH6(Lq'q  
N: Have you got the bottle with you? &e,xN;  
M: Yes, here it is. C6'[Tn  
N: Do you know how much she drank? >@H:+0h-  
M: Well, the bottle was almost empty, so I think not very much. 2vj)3%:7#E  
N: Right. I'll take you to the doctor. Come this way, please.

DR ABC - VK6Fq  
"I couldn't believe my eyes! The car was upside down and the driver was bleeding and screaming. One of the passengers was on the ground. It looked as if she were dead. If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped them. " People who have witnessed an accident often wish that they had done things differently. Seconds count in an emergency, and knowing what to do can mean the difference between life and death. nnBgTtsC]  
The most important thing to keep in mind when dealing with an emergency is to stay calm. If we were to panic, we would not be able to help. By staying calm we will be able to think what to do and make better decisions. We can also prepare for an emergency by learning more about first aid. Calling an ambulance or the police is important, but there is more we can and should do. If we know how to respond, we can save lives. _=0;5OrK1X  
Many hospitals recommend that we use the letters DR ABC to remember what to do when we have to think fast. D stands for danger. We should first of all make sure that the accident scene is no longer dangerous. If we were to get hurt trying to save someone, we would not be able to help. R is for response. We Can do a lot of good by simply asking "Are you all right". If the person can answer, we know that he or she is conscious and can breathe. The question will also calm the person, letting him or her know that help is on the way. 7mulNq  
A is for airway. We must make sure that a person's airway is open and it is easy to breathe. This can be done by gently tipping the person's head back slightly. B is for breathing. We should check that the person can breathe. Is his or her chest moving? If the person is not breathing, we must try to start his or her breathing at once, using the mouth-to-mouth method. If this is not done within five minutes, the person will die. If a person is breathing but not conscious, it is usually best for him or her not to be moved. C is for circulation. Is the person's blood circulating? We can look for colour, coughing, and eye movement. We can also check a person's pulse by putting a finger on the person's neck or wrist. If a person is bleeding, we should cover the wound with a clean piece of cloth and press on the wound to stop the bleeding. W":is"  
When we have checked the DR ABC, we should give the first aid that is needed and call an ambulance. We should never try to revive a person unless we know how to do it. We may make things worse. Many hospitals and schools offer training classes for people who are interested in learning first aid. j!r4p,  
When we have given first aid, we should put the person in the recovery position. This is a way of placing a body so that the airway is clear and it is easy to breathe. Here is how it is done: K GlO;Q~7  
1. Roll the person onto one side. Keep the legs straight. B`Q.<Lqu  
2. Place the hand of the person's upper arm under his or her chin. H)g:<  
3. Bend the person's leg so that he or she will not roll over. fShf4G_w\  
We should stay with the person and wait for the ambulance. %UJ!(_  
We can cover the person with a blanket or a jacket to help him or her stay warm.

DEALING WITH COMMON INJURIES ::13$g=T9s  
Accidents happen. We do our best to be careful and prevent bad things from happening, but most of us will eventually find ourselves in a situation where we or someone else needs help. Everyone should know what to do if an accident were to happen. Learning about first aid is the best way to make sure that we will not have to feel that we could have done more. Here is some advice for dealing with common injuries: .yz-o\,gF%  
Animal bites. If you are bitten by an animal, wash the wound with cold running water. Then see a doctor as soon as possible. [Xp{ztGE  
Burns. Cool the area of skin at once. Wash the area of skin under the cold tap for several minutes. Cover the wound with a loose bandage or a piece of dry clean cloth. See a doctor if a child has been burnt or if more than ten percent of the body has been burnt. 4o,%}b o&  
Cuts. For a simple cut, it is only necessary to wash the area of the cut, dry it and cover it with a piece of dry clean cloth. If a person is bleeding badly, you must try to stop the bleeding. If a person loses one third of his or her blood, he or she may die. Press a handkerchief onto the bleeding point and hold it there. LxqK@Q<B  
Poisoning. If you think that someone may have been poisoned, you should do the following. First, talk to the person to find out if he or she is conscious and breathing. If the person isn't breathing, clear the airway and try to get him or her to breathe. If the person is conscious and breathing, try to get him or her to spit out any poison that may still be in the mouth. Next, call for an ambulance. Search the room for any pills or bottles that may contain the poison. Send whatever you find to the hospital to help the doctor find out what kind of poison the person has swallowed.

Part 1 Ft#d& I  
C = Police Captain; 0 = Police Officer #B_ ``XV  
C: Johnson, come here, please. I have a job for you. ehPrxIyC  
O: Yes, sir. What's happened? 49E<`f0  
C: There's been a traffic accident on West Side. A boy seems to have been hit by a car. Three policemen are there already and there are two eyewitnesses. Please go down there and see if you can find out exactly what happened and who caused the accident. pc J5UJY  
0: Yes, sir. When did the accident happen? qe8dpI;  
C: About half past four. qCi6kEr  
0: And how many people were involved in the accident? ^w/_hY!4/  
C: Only two, as far as we know. The boy was already sent to hospital with minor injuries. ,b%T[s7  
0: Where are the other policemen? 3Sv<Viuo  
C: They are by the intersection, on the east side. ~pWbD~aeg  
*,A?lX,9A  
Part 2 F:"<4hiA"  
P = Officer Pei; W = Officer Wang; A = Driver A; B =Woman on bicycle @-|{qP=Dy  
(Traffic noise in the background; not very loud, but in the pauses the occasional horns or bells can be heard. Driver A is shocked and scared; the woman on the bike is angry and upset. ) t84(kzcC  
P: Miss, please tell me what happened. tkx 1iBW=  
B: I was on the eastern side of the crossing, turning north. Ahead of me in the bike lane was the poor boy. He was crossing the street to go to the western side when that man just ran straight into him. Oh, it was awful! c%%r  
P: Can you please tell me what the car was doing? RG1~)5AL~Y  
B: It was waiting to turn right. ]@)T]  
P: I see. Where was the boy? eJFGgJRIvF  
B: He was standing behind the white line in the bike lane, waiting for the light to turn. E#?*6/  
P: Was he moving when the car hit him? p_T>"v  
B: No. He was just standing there. Poor boy! The car was moving much too fast and the driver didn't even look to see where he was going! :a3 +f5  
6yEYX'_  
W: Sir, please tell me what happened. V9q
Za  
A: Oh, it was terrible! I'm so sorry. It wasn't my fault! }
? j>V  
W: We'll see about that later. Please just tell me what happened. n4
6A  
A: I was waiting on the eastern side. I was turning right, heading north. I started turning right and suddenly this boy ran out in front of me on his bike. I had no time to stop, there was nothing I could do. Fr/3Qp@S  
W: Did you see the boy before you turned? -=_bXco}  
A: No, no! He must have been riding too fast. There was no one waiting to cross the street when I looked. $U=E7JO  
W: How fast would you say you were going? {B^V_TX2  
A: Oh, not very fast. I had stopped and was just beginning to turn when I hit the boy. Really, you know how boys are - they don't watch where they're going!

FIRST AID RIGHT AND WRONG l^&#fz  
Read the following descriptions of accidents and decide what the rescuers did wrong. !30BZM^  
CAR ACCIDENT #Ey!
?Z  
We saw the car hit the truck. It flew into the air and landed on its side. We stopped and ran straight to the car. Petrol was coming from the car and a small fire was burning near the engine. The driver was not moving and was bleeding from a cut on her face. The passenger was screaming and held his leg. Because the passenger was in so much pain, I hurried over to him and tried to lift him out of the car. My friend was saying "Oh my god, oh my god, they're going to die!" We managed to get the passenger out of the car and put him down on the road. I put him comfortably on his back and looked at his leg. It looked as if it were broken. I took out my handkerchief and tied it very tightly around his leg. Then we ran back to the car to look at the driver. She was not moving. We got the door open and carried her to the man. ?-J\~AXL  
SKATING ACCIDENT Q;SMwCB0M  
I was walking along the road next to the river when I saw a little girl fall through the ice. She disappeared under the water for a moment and then came back up. She screamed for help and waved her hands. I jumped down on the ice and ran as fast as I could to where she was. I tried to walk as close to her as possible and reach her. She grabbed my hands and I tried to pull her out of the water. &rk/ya[  
HOTEL FIRE H 7*/  
I was in my hotel room when I heard the fire alarm. I grabbed my bags and kicked the door open. I ran as fast as I could to the lift. When I was almost there I remembered that I had left my camera in the room, so I hurried back to get it. Suddenly there was smoke everywhere and I saw flames coming from two other rooms. I went back into my room and opened the window so I could get some air. Then I ran towards the stairs, carrying my bags and my camera. The hotel was filled with smoke and I started coughing. f0}+8JW5h  
POISONING G^5 }T>TV  
A man was lying on the floor. There was a bottle of pills next to him. It must be drug poisoning, I thought. I could not tell if he was alive, so I immediately started blowing air into his mouth. He coughed and I decided to make him throw up so that there would be no more poison in his body. After he had thrown up a couple of times, I gave him some milk to drink. He still looked sick and seemed very sleepy. I left the room to call for help and when I got back he was asleep again. I shook him hard a few times and he woke up. I then cleaned up the room and threw away the bottle of pills. I put him on his back so that he would be comfortable. Then I went outside to wait for the ambulance.

Part 1 4'{j'kuv  
Ladies and Gentlemen,  c<e$6:|xM  
Today we are celebrating Earth Day. Earth Day is a day for reflection and action. Today, people in countries all over the world get together to discuss the earth and our future, and to take action to improve the current situation. Earth Day is a chance for us to learn about the world and change our behaviour. It helps me understand that we must act. If I had known more about the earth in the past, I would have made different choices about what to do and what to buy. It is never too late to change. I am here today to talk about one of the most important problems we are facing. In my view, the most important challenge ahead of us is to find a way to protect the water on our planet. 75% of the earth is covered by rivers, lakes and oceans, so it is truly a water planet. /_LUys/0  
Unfortunately, most of the water cannot be used for drinking. The earth is already becoming a thirsty planet, but there is still time to do something about the problem. If we want to have enough water in the future, we must learn to take better care of our water. We must stop polluting our water. We must learn to save water in our daily life. N%`ikdaTd  
3i7n"8\$  
Part 2 g6N{Z e Wg  
We should take better care of our water. Most of the fresh water on the earth is being used for farming. We use clean water to grow food. We need food, of course, but we must be more careful when we use our water. Too much water is being wasted because we are using old ways of watering our plants. We must solve this problem if we want to have enough water in the future. The best way to solve the problem is to use the knowledge and technology that some countries have already developed. If we work together and share what we know, we will be building a better future for all of us. W1Ht8uYG3  
We must stop polluting our water. Even if we succeed in making more water available to us, we must still do something about water pollution. We are polluting water at an alarming pace. Cars, factories, and air conditioners pollute the air and the water. We must change the way we think and the way we live. Let's not drive if we can walk or ride a bike. Let's try not to use air conditioners more than what is absolutely necessary. Let's not buy products that cause pollution. Let's make new rules and use new technology to make sure that factories are green and clean. Keep in mind that we - you and I - are the ones who must change. This brings me to my final point: we must stop using too much water in our daily life.

WELCOME TO THE EARTH SUMMIT .jCdJ =z  
In 1972, the United Nations held a meeting in Stockholm, Sweden to share ideas about ways to take better care of the earth. At the Stockholm summit, representatives from more than one hundred countries discussed some of the most important problems facing our planet. Since then, several Earth Summits have been held and much progress has been made. In 2002, the Earth Summit was held in Johannesburg in South Africa. One of the main themes of the summit was "sustainable development", or the question how we can continue developing the world without damaging the environment. ,oCr6 ]  
In Johannesburg, experts from all over the world spoke about different topics and discussed new ways to solve old problems. Most of the speakers talked about the "big three", the three biggest killers in the world - contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and air pollution. According to the World Health Organisation, the big three cause more than seven million deaths every year. That is 15% of all the deaths in the world. 20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water. Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths. Most of these deaths happen in rural areas, where people burn wood and coal to cook food and stay warm. Air pollution is also a big problem in very large cities, especially in developing countries. .f}I$ "2  
Many speakers also spoke about poverty, war and violence. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create. All too often, global development means that rich people get richer while the poor get poorer. Among the speakers was China's then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world. Rich countries have a responsibility towards poor countries and must do whatever they can to help others. Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible. C8?/$1|RL  
Conferences like the Earth Summit help people understand that there exist serious problems and that there is still time to take action. Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth. One of the visitors to the Earth Summit in Johannesburg said that what she had heard was very important. r~sGot+sQA  
"When I listened to the speakers, I realised that many of the things I do every day are bad for the environment. Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, I would never have bought one. Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation. If all of us make small changes, we could make a big difference." ukw'$Yt2  
The message is spreading across the world and many students are learning more about "earth issues" in school. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act. Meetings like the Earth Summit can tell us what we can do to help. eRGip2^cq+  
The Earth Summit is not just about problems. In fact, it is a place to find solutions for the future. Many of the speakers at the Johannesburg summit said that education is the key to the future. With better education, people will be able to build a better society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and suffering caused by the big three. If the world becomes less unfair and if people can get better education, much of the poverty can be wiped out. And if poverty is less of a problem and people are better educated, there is a good chance that we will see less violence and fewer wars.