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刘捷光
englishfield
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 状语

副词作状语
Don't drive so fast.

别开得这么快。

<><><>

介词短语作地点状语

We live in Hangzhou.

我们住在杭州。

<><><>

名词作状语

The meeting lasted an hour.

会议开了一个小时。

副词作状语

1. 副词作状语,修饰动词
Don't drive so fast.

别开得这么快。

2. 副词作状语,修饰形容词

It's a very interesting film.

这是一部很有趣的电影。

3. 副词作状语,修饰其他副词

He speaks English quite fluently.

他英语说得很流利。

4. 副词作状语,修饰全句

Perhaps he will come back later.

或许过一会儿他会回来。

介词短语作状语

1. 介词短语作地点状语
We live in Hangzhou.

我们住在杭州。

2. 介词短语作时间状语

She got here at four.

她在4点到这儿的。  

3. 介词短语作方式状语

They came here by train.

他们乘火车来这儿。  

4. 介词短语作原因状语

The game was postponed because of rain.

因为下雨运动会被推迟了。  

5. 介词短语作条件状语

There will be no living things without water.

没有水就没有生物。  

6. 介词短语作目的状语

He ran for shelter.

他跑去避雨。  

7. 介词短语作让步状语

They play football in spite of the rain.

他们冒雨踢足球。  

8. 介词短语作程度状语

To what extent would you trust them?

你对他们信任程度如何?

不定式作目的状语

They ran over to welcome the delegates.
他们跑过去欢迎代表们。

We must do everything we can to help them.

我们要尽一切力量帮助他们。

They went there to visit their teacher.

他们去那里拜访他们的老师。

To explain more clearly, I'll show you the pictures.

为了解释得更清楚,我给你们看一些图片。

<><><>

in order to/ so as to也可以用来引起目的状语

Tom kept quiet about the accident, so as not to lose his job.

为了不至于丢掉饭碗,汤姆闭口不谈事故的事。

不定式作结果状语

What have I said to make you so excited?
我说了什么使你这么激动?

He woke up to find everybody gone.

他醒了过来,结果发现大家都走了。

<><><>

以下结构,可以用来引起结果状语:

so...as to/ such... as to/ enough to/ only to/ too...to

Would you be so kind as to do me a favour?

请你帮我一下好吗?

The boy is old enough to take care of himself.

这个男孩够大了,可以自己照顾自己。

She returned only to find that no one was at home.

她回到家,才发现家里没有一个人。

不定式作原因状语

We all rejoiced to hear of your success.
听说你们成功了我们很高兴。

He shuddered to think of his bitter past.

他每当想起辛酸的过去就不寒而栗。

She seemed surprised to see us.

她看见我们,似乎有点惊讶。

状语从句

在句子中起状语作用的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句由从属连词引导。
状语从句可分为:

时间状语从句:

When Susan goes to town, she will visit her grandma.

苏珊每次进程,总要去看望她奶奶。


地点状语从句:

I will go where I am needed.

哪里需要我,我就到哪里去。


方式状语从句:

I have changed it as you suggest.

我已经按照你的建议作了改变。


原因状语从句:

Mary didn’t go shopping because I advised her not to.

玛丽没有去购物,因为我劝她不要去。


目的状语从句:

They worked hard in order that they might succeed.

他们努力工作,以便能够获得成功。


结果状语从句:

Waste must be treated so that it does not become a danger to life.

废物必须进行处理,这样它才不会成为危害生命的东西。


条件状语从句:

If he works hard, he will surely succeed.

如果努力工作,他肯定会成功。


让步状语从句:

Though we are all different, we need never be separate.


比较状语从句:

I was happier than I had ever been in my life.

这是我一生中最快乐的时光。

时间状语从句:after

时间状语从句由下列连词引导:
after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as

<>

Let's wait till the rain stops.

咱们等到雨停再说吧。

Once the train is moving, there's no way to stop it.

火车一旦开动就没办法让它停下来。

They were scolded whenever they were late for school.

每次他们上学迟到都挨骂。

时间状语从句:the moment

有一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句:
the minute, the moment, every time, the first time

<>

The moment he reached the country, he started his search.

他一到达这个国家,就开始他的探寻工作。

Every time I saw the straw hat, it reminded me of the tour I made years before.

每当我看到那顶草帽,它就使我想起几年前的那次旅游。

I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.

我第一次见到她就觉得她诚实而友善。

时间状语从句:directly

有一些表示时间的副词也可用来引导时间状语从句:

<>

Directly the master came in, everyone was quiet.

校长一进来, 大家就安静下来。

The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise.

那位年轻女士一听到响声就冲进房间。

时间状语从句:as的用法

一. 某事一发生,另一事立即发生
As the sun rose the frog dispersed.

太阳一出来雾就消散。

They strolled into the garden as the music ceased.

音乐声一停,他们就走进花园。

二. 在某事发生的过程中另一事发生

I heard the murmur of their voices as I crossed the hall.

我走过大厅的时候听到他们在嘀咕什么。

(两个动作都是一般时态)

<>

Just as he was speaking there was a loud explosion.

正当他在说话的时候,一声巨响。

(从句用进行时态)

三. 两个动作同时发生

He smiled as he passed.

他路过的时候笑了一下。

(两个都是短暂动作)

<>

As she sang, the tears ran down her cheeks.

她一边唱歌,眼泪一边从脸颊淌下。

Helen heard the story as she washed.

海伦一边洗衣服一边听故事。

He saw that she was smiling as she read.

他看到她一边看着书一边笑。

(两个都是延续性动作)

We get wiser as we get older.

我们随着年龄的增长而变得聪明起来。

(随着时间的变化而变化)

时间状语从句:when的用法

以when引导的时间状语从句中,既可用短暂性动作也可用延续性动作。
I bought the car when I received my first salary.(短暂性动作)

我是在领第一笔薪水的时候买的车。

Don’t get excited when you talk.(延续性动作)

说话的时候不要激动。

when 容易与时间状语从句混淆的例子

请注意:
此项中when引导的都不是时间状语从句。

She had just finished dressing when her guests came in.

她刚刚穿戴完毕,这时她的客人进来了。

这里的when不是从属连词,而是并列连词。所以它引导的是并列句。象这类问题有以下主要特征:

1. when 后面的分句动词必须是瞬间动词,用于表示突然性:

We were about to start when it began to rain.

正当我们要出发的时候,突然下雨了。

2. when 前面的分句是过去进行时:

He was still smiling when the door opened and his wife came in.

他正笑着,突然门开了,他的妻子走了进来。

3. when 前面的分句含有be about to, be on the point of:

He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the door.

他正要出发的时候,突然有人敲门。

4. when 前面的分句采用过去完成时或是过去完成进行时:

We had just fallen asleep when the telephone rang.

我们刚刚入睡,突然电话铃声响了。

The plane had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain.

飞机播种了近一个月,这时天才下雨。

时间状语从句:while的用法

以while引导的时间状语从句中,只能用延续性动作。
They arrived while I was sunbathing.

当我正在进行日光浴时,他们来了。

We must strike while the iron is hot.

我们必须趁热打铁。

While the discussion was still going on, Mr Zhang came in.

当讨论还在进行的时候,张先生进来了。
顶端 Posted: 2007-04-25 08:21 | [楼 主]
刘捷光
englishfield
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原因状语从句

because, as, since, 用来引导原因状语从句。
for虽然也是表示原因,但是它不是从属连词,而是并列连词。

1. because 表示最强的因果关系,表达听话者未知的原因,because引导的从句通常放在后面,表示强调时也可放在前面。because引导的从句可以用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

He got the job because he was the best candidate.

他得到那份工作,因为他是最佳人选。

Just I didn’t complain, they thought I was satisfied.

就因为我没有发牢骚,他们以为我很满意。

“Why can’t I go?” ”Because you are too young.”

为什么我不能去?因为你年纪太小。

2. as 所表示的原因通常是听话者已经知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

As all the seats were full, he stood up.

由于所有的座位都满了,他只好站着。

Perhaps she’ll need some help, especially as she’s been ill.

她可能需要帮助,尤其是因为她一直有病。

3.since所表示的原因通常也是听话者已经知道的。同样since也不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。

Since you are going, I will go too.

既然你要去,我也去吧。

4. for 从语法分析的角度来说,它不是引导状语从句,而是构成一个并列句。 for 通常用于书面语,它通常不表示因果关系,而是对前面的分句进行补充说明。for-分句通常放在句末,for 之前有逗号。

He laughed little, for he was a sad man.

他很少发笑,因为他是个多愁的人。

She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears.

她显然心烦意乱,因为她眼眶里饱含泪水。

地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。
Where he made mistakes, he admitted these willingly.

他在什么地方做错了事,他都乐于承认这些错误。

Put it where we can see it.

把它放在我们能看得见的地方。

Wherever there is injustice, we’ll try to help.

凡有不公正的地方,我们都会尽力帮助。

Let’s go wherever this path will take us.

我们就顺着这条小路走,走到哪儿就算哪儿。

让步状语从句

让步状语从句通常由以下连词引导:
although, though

even though, even if, no matter, however

Although you don’t like him, you can still be polite.

尽管你不喜欢他,你仍需礼貌一些。

No matter what you do, don’t touch this switch.

无论你做什么,也都不要碰这个开关。

as 也可以引导让步状语从句,其结构是:

“形容词+as+主语+be,主句”

Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.

哪怕他再有耐心,也不打算等3个小时。

条件状语从句

条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。
They’ll be delighted if you go and see them.

如果你去看他们,他们会很高兴的。

Unless you try, you’ll never succeed.

你若是不努力,就不会成功的。

if 条件句的时态搭配-1

( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用一般将来时)
If he runs he’ll get there in time.

如果他用跑的,他就会及时赶到那儿。

The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.

如果你拉猫的尾巴,它就会抓你。

<><><>

( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用may/ might/ can)

If the fog gets thicker the plane may/ might be diverted.

如果雾在大一些,飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。

If it stops snowing we can go out.

如果雪停了,我们就可以出去。

<><><>

( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用must/ should)

If you want to lose weight you must/ should eat less bread.

如果你想减肥,你必须少吃面包。

<><><>

( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用一般现在时)

If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可以用 will turn )

如果把冰加热,它就会化成水。

<><><>

( if 从句用现在进行时),(主句用一般将来时)

If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs.

如果你是在找彼得,上楼就会找到他。

<><><>

( if 从句用现在完成时),(主句用一般将来时)

If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.

如果你吃完了,我就叫服务生来算账。

if 条件句的时态搭配-2

( if 从句用一般将来时),(主句用一般将来时)
这种结构表示礼貌,意愿和执意坚持。

1. 礼貌

If you will/ would wait a moment I’ll see if Mr. Jones is free.

请您稍候片刻,我看看琼斯先生是否有空。

2. 意愿

If he’ll listen to me I’ll be able to help him.

如果他愿意听我的话,我就会帮助他。

3. 执意坚持

If you will play the drums all night no matter the neighbors will complain.

如果你执意整夜敲鼓的话,那就难怪邻居会抱怨。

条件状语从句的连词

if, even if, whether, unless, otherwise, provided, supposing, in case
1. even if ( = even though)

You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.

哪怕你还没准备好,明天你也得走。

2. whether …or ( = if … or )

You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.

无论明天你是否准备好, 你都得走。

3. unless + 肯定动词 ( = if + 否定动词 )

Unless you start at once you’ll be late.

( = If you don’t start at once you’ll be late. )

除非你马上出发,否则你就会迟到。

4. otherwise

We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.

我们必须在午夜之前回家,否则我们就会被锁在门外。

Shut the door, otherwise it’ll get too cold in here.

Do what you are told; otherwise you’ll be punished.

叫你怎么做你就怎么做,否则你会受到惩罚的。

5. supposing ... ( = what if … 假如 )

Supposing it rains, shall we still go?

假如下雨,我们仍然要去吗?

Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do then?

假设你错了,你将会做什么呢

6. in case

In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.

如果他在我回来之前就到达,就请他等一下吧。

目的状语从句-1

so that, so, in order that引出的目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。
注意它们的搭配:

(主句用一般现在时,现在完成时,现在进行时)(从句用can, may, shall, will)

I light the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用一般现在时

我生火,以便屋里会暖和。

I am lighting the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用现在进行时

I have lit the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用现在完成时

I will light the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用一般将来时

I’ll wash this shirt so that you can wear tomorrow. 主句用一般将来时

<><><>

(主句用一般过去时)(从句用could, might, should, would)

He told us to keep quiet so that we might not disturb others.

他叫我们保持安静,以免打扰别人。

I pinned the note to his pillow so that he would be sure to see it.

我把纸条用针别在他的枕头上,以便他一定能看得见。

I packed him a little food so (that) he wouldn’t be hungry.

我给他包了一点食物,以免他挨饿。

I bought six cows so that we should have some milk to sell.

我买了六头牛,以便我们会有一些牛奶可卖。

<><><>

so that, in order that 引导的目的状语从句在表示强调的时候可以置于句首。

So that the coming generation can learn the martial arts, he has recently devoted much

time to writing books on the subject.

为了下一代能够学会这些武术,他近来花了许多时间著书立说。

In order that the grass and the flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that

the rocks should be removed.

为了这些花草能再开放,这些石头必须搬走。

结果状语从句

that, so that, so…that, such…that, with the result that
结果状语从句都置于主句之后。

He walked so fast that we couldn’t keep up with him.

他走得那么会以致我们跟不上他。

His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe.

他心跳得厉害,几乎透不过气来。

It was such a foggy day (that) we could hardly see the road.

那天雾如此之大以致我们几乎看不清路面。

His anger was such that he lost control of himself.

他勃然大怒,以致不能自我控制。

I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone.

我在洗澡,结果没有听到电话铃声。

<><><>

so…that 中 so 可以省略,that 也可省略。

如:

She was so angry that she couldn’t speak.

可以写成:

She was angry that she couldn’t speak.(省略so)

She was so angry she couldn’t speak.(省略that)

目的状语从句-2

for fear that, in case, lest
Take your umbrella with you, lest it should rain.(lest常和虚拟语气连用)

带上你的伞,以防下雨。

Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.(in case不和虚拟语气连用)

带上你的伞,以防下雨。

He took an umbrella with him for fear (that) it might rain.(that 可以省略)

他带了一把伞,以防下雨。

方式状语从句

as, as though, as if, the way
Do as I say and sit down.

照我说的做,然后坐下。

He acts as though no one existed.

他自行其是,好像没人在场一样。

The milk smells as if it is sour.(与事实相符,所以不用虚拟。)

这牛奶闻起来好像是发馊了。

The boy talks as if he were an adult.(与事实相反,所以用虚拟。)

这个男孩说话像个大人似的。

Please pronounce the word the way I do.

请照我这样,读这个单词。

<><><>

注意:

在口语中,like也可以引导方式状语从句:

He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.

他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的。

比较状语从句

than, as…as
the…the…

1. than

My left eye is better than my right one.

我的左眼比我的右眼好。

She has more time than I.

她的时间比我多。

He is three years older than I.

他比我大三岁。

<><><>

注意:

than 后面的代词若在从句中起主语作用的,应用主格。若是起宾语作用的,用宾格。但是,在口语中,不论起何种作用都用宾格,当然,这样就会造成歧义。

I like you better than he.

我喜欢你胜过他喜欢你。

I like you better than him.

我喜欢你胜过我喜欢他。

<><><>

2. as…as

It’s as good as the new one.

它像新的一样好。

He’s not as naughty as he was.

他不像过去那么顽皮了。

<><><>

3. the…the…

The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.

英语你听得越多,它就变得越容易。
顶端 Posted: 2007-04-25 08:23 | 1 楼
刘捷光
englishfield
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ing形式作时间状语

Crossing the road, he was ran over by a car.
过马路的时候,他被一辆汽车压到了。

Having done their homework, the students played football.

学生们做完作业后,就去踢足球。

ing形式作原因状语

Not knowing English, he couldn't understand the film.
因为不懂英语,所以他就看不懂这部电影。

Having lived in Shanghai, he knows the place very well.

因为他多年住在上海,所以他对上海非常熟悉。

ing形式作条件状语

Working hard, you will do well in the exam.
你如果努力学习,就会考出好成绩。

Turning to the left, you will see the post office.

向左一转,你就会看到邮局。

ing形式作结果状语

His parents died in the war, leaving him an orphan.
他的父母在战争中死亡,结果他成了孤儿。

The child fell, striking his head against the door and cutting it.

那孩子跌倒了,头撞到门,头也擦破了。

ing形式作让步状语

Working or reading, she always did her best.
不管是工作还是阅读,她总是竭尽全力。

Not being a rich man himself, he helped the poor generously.

尽管他自己不算富裕,他却是慷慨的帮助穷人。

ing形式作伴随状语

The children went into the classroom, talking and laughing.
孩子们边说边笑走进教室。

She sat there, staring at the ceiling.

她坐在那儿,眼睛盯着天花板。

过去分词作时间状语

Seen from the hill, the town looks beautiful.
从山上看时,这座城镇非常美丽。

When completed, the canal will connect the river and the lake.

到完工的时候,这条运河将把江和湖连接起来。

过去分词作地点状语

The graduates say they will go wherever needed.
毕业生们说:哪儿需要他们,他们就到哪儿去。

过去分词作原因状语

He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey.
由于旅途劳累, 他很快就睡着了。

Greatly surprised, he couldn't say a word.

由于大吃一惊,他一句话也说不出来。

过去分词作条件状语

Coated with sugar, the bananas will taste better.
这些香蕉如果裹上糖衣,味道会更好。

Given more time, I will do much better.

如果给我更多的时间,我会做得更好。

过去分词作让步状语

Even if invited, I wouldn't go.
即使邀请我,我也不去。

Though defeated again and again, they went on fighting.

尽管一再受挫,他们仍继续战斗。

过去分词作伴随状语

She stared at me, astonished.
她两眼望着我,十分惊异。

Einstein walked along the street, lost in thought.

爱因斯坦漫步街头,沉浸在思索之中。

虚拟语气:状语从句

在as if, as though, even if等引导状语从句中,表示与事实相反时,要用虚拟语气。
He talked as if(as though) he had been there before.

他讲起话来就好像他以前去过那似的。

例句:

Even if I failed, I wouldn't give up.

即使我失败了,我也不放弃。

状语从句的省略(1)

状语从句常可用when, while, if, although等从属连词的后面直接加上过去分词或ing形式,从而省略从句中的其他成分。
复合句的省略

When published, the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.

那本小说出版的时候就会成为当年的畅销书之一。

Although hard-working, he couldn't earn enough to support himself.

尽管努力工作,他的收入还是不够自己糊口。

状语从句的省略(2)

从属连词 + 形容词
When ripe, the grapes will be delicious.

当葡萄成熟之后就会很好吃。

Though young, he had to live on himself.

虽然年纪轻轻,但他只得养活自己。

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从属连词 + 介词短语 /副词

When in doubt, please consult a dictionary.

有疑问的时候,就请查询字典。

Once inside, begin to work.

一进去,就开始工作。

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从属连词 + 名词

Though a young man, he has made several inventions.

虽然还是个年轻人,他已经有好几个发明了。

When (he was) still a boy of six, Bob was sent away from home.

鲍勃才6岁时就被送出家门。
顶端 Posted: 2007-04-25 08:26 | 2 楼
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