原因状语从句 because, as, since, 用来引导原因状语从句。 for虽然也是表示原因,但是它不是从属连词,而是并列连词。
1. because 表示最强的因果关系,表达听话者未知的原因,because引导的从句通常放在后面,表示强调时也可放在前面。because引导的从句可以用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。
He got the job because he was the best candidate.
他得到那份工作,因为他是最佳人选。
Just I didn’t complain, they thought I was satisfied.
就因为我没有发牢骚,他们以为我很满意。
“Why can’t I go?” ”Because you are too young.”
为什么我不能去?因为你年纪太小。
2. as 所表示的原因通常是听话者已经知道的。因而它不是句子的中心。不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。
As all the seats were full, he stood up.
由于所有的座位都满了,他只好站着。
Perhaps she’ll need some help, especially as she’s been ill.
她可能需要帮助,尤其是因为她一直有病。
3.since所表示的原因通常也是听话者已经知道的。同样since也不能用来回答Why引起的特殊疑问句。
Since you are going, I will go too.
既然你要去,我也去吧。
4. for 从语法分析的角度来说,它不是引导状语从句,而是构成一个并列句。 for 通常用于书面语,它通常不表示因果关系,而是对前面的分句进行补充说明。for-分句通常放在句末,for 之前有逗号。
He laughed little, for he was a sad man.
他很少发笑,因为他是个多愁的人。
She was clearly upset, for her eyes were filled with tears.
她显然心烦意乱,因为她眼眶里饱含泪水。 地点状语从句 地点状语从句通常由where,wherever引导。 Where he made mistakes, he admitted these willingly.
他在什么地方做错了事,他都乐于承认这些错误。
Put it where we can see it.
把它放在我们能看得见的地方。
Wherever there is injustice, we’ll try to help.
凡有不公正的地方,我们都会尽力帮助。
Let’s go wherever this path will take us.
我们就顺着这条小路走,走到哪儿就算哪儿。 让步状语从句 让步状语从句通常由以下连词引导: although, though
even though, even if, no matter, however
Although you don’t like him, you can still be polite.
尽管你不喜欢他,你仍需礼貌一些。
No matter what you do, don’t touch this switch.
无论你做什么,也都不要碰这个开关。
as 也可以引导让步状语从句,其结构是:
“形容词+as+主语+be,主句”
Patient as he was, he had no intention of waiting for three hours.
哪怕他再有耐心,也不打算等3个小时。 条件状语从句 条件状语从句通常由if, unless引导。 They’ll be delighted if you go and see them.
如果你去看他们,他们会很高兴的。
Unless you try, you’ll never succeed.
你若是不努力,就不会成功的。 if 条件句的时态搭配-1 ( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用一般将来时) If he runs he’ll get there in time.
如果他用跑的,他就会及时赶到那儿。
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.
如果你拉猫的尾巴,它就会抓你。
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( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用may/ might/ can)
If the fog gets thicker the plane may/ might be diverted.
如果雾在大一些,飞机可能就会改在别的机场降落。
If it stops snowing we can go out.
如果雪停了,我们就可以出去。
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( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用must/ should)
If you want to lose weight you must/ should eat less bread.
如果你想减肥,你必须少吃面包。
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( if 从句用一般现在时),(主句用一般现在时)
If you heat ice it turns to water. (也可以用 will turn )
如果把冰加热,它就会化成水。
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( if 从句用现在进行时),(主句用一般将来时)
If you are looking for Peter you’ll find him upstairs.
如果你是在找彼得,上楼就会找到他。
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( if 从句用现在完成时),(主句用一般将来时)
If you have finished dinner I’ll ask the waiter for the bill.
如果你吃完了,我就叫服务生来算账。 if 条件句的时态搭配-2 ( if 从句用一般将来时),(主句用一般将来时) 这种结构表示礼貌,意愿和执意坚持。
1. 礼貌
If you will/ would wait a moment I’ll see if Mr. Jones is free.
请您稍候片刻,我看看琼斯先生是否有空。
2. 意愿
If he’ll listen to me I’ll be able to help him.
如果他愿意听我的话,我就会帮助他。
3. 执意坚持
If you will play the drums all night no matter the neighbors will complain.
如果你执意整夜敲鼓的话,那就难怪邻居会抱怨。 条件状语从句的连词 if, even if, whether, unless, otherwise, provided, supposing, in case 1. even if ( = even though)
You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready.
哪怕你还没准备好,明天你也得走。
2. whether …or ( = if … or )
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.
无论明天你是否准备好, 你都得走。
3. unless + 肯定动词 ( = if + 否定动词 )
Unless you start at once you’ll be late.
( = If you don’t start at once you’ll be late. )
除非你马上出发,否则你就会迟到。
4. otherwise
We must be back before midnight; otherwise we’ll be locked out.
我们必须在午夜之前回家,否则我们就会被锁在门外。
Shut the door, otherwise it’ll get too cold in here.
Do what you are told; otherwise you’ll be punished.
叫你怎么做你就怎么做,否则你会受到惩罚的。
5. supposing ... ( = what if … 假如 )
Supposing it rains, shall we still go?
假如下雨,我们仍然要去吗?
Supposing (that) you are wrong, what will you do then?
假设你错了,你将会做什么呢
6. in case
In case he arrives before I get back, please ask him to wait.
如果他在我回来之前就到达,就请他等一下吧。 目的状语从句-1 so that, so, in order that引出的目的状语从句常常含有情态动词。 注意它们的搭配:
(主句用一般现在时,现在完成时,现在进行时)(从句用can, may, shall, will)
I light the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用一般现在时
我生火,以便屋里会暖和。
I am lighting the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用现在进行时
I have lit the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用现在完成时
I will light the fire so that the house will be warm.主句用一般将来时
I’ll wash this shirt so that you can wear tomorrow. 主句用一般将来时
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(主句用一般过去时)(从句用could, might, should, would)
He told us to keep quiet so that we might not disturb others.
他叫我们保持安静,以免打扰别人。
I pinned the note to his pillow so that he would be sure to see it.
我把纸条用针别在他的枕头上,以便他一定能看得见。
I packed him a little food so (that) he wouldn’t be hungry.
我给他包了一点食物,以免他挨饿。
I bought six cows so that we should have some milk to sell.
我买了六头牛,以便我们会有一些牛奶可卖。
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so that, in order that 引导的目的状语从句在表示强调的时候可以置于句首。
So that the coming generation can learn the martial arts, he has recently devoted much
time to writing books on the subject.
为了下一代能够学会这些武术,他近来花了许多时间著书立说。
In order that the grass and the flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that
the rocks should be removed.
为了这些花草能再开放,这些石头必须搬走。 结果状语从句 that, so that, so…that, such…that, with the result that 结果状语从句都置于主句之后。
He walked so fast that we couldn’t keep up with him.
他走得那么会以致我们跟不上他。
His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe.
他心跳得厉害,几乎透不过气来。
It was such a foggy day (that) we could hardly see the road.
那天雾如此之大以致我们几乎看不清路面。
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
他勃然大怒,以致不能自我控制。
I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone.
我在洗澡,结果没有听到电话铃声。
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so…that 中 so 可以省略,that 也可省略。
如:
She was so angry that she couldn’t speak.
可以写成:
She was angry that she couldn’t speak.(省略so)
She was so angry she couldn’t speak.(省略that) 目的状语从句-2 for fear that, in case, lest Take your umbrella with you, lest it should rain.(lest常和虚拟语气连用)
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.(in case不和虚拟语气连用)
带上你的伞,以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear (that) it might rain.(that 可以省略)
他带了一把伞,以防下雨。 方式状语从句 as, as though, as if, the way Do as I say and sit down.
照我说的做,然后坐下。
He acts as though no one existed.
他自行其是,好像没人在场一样。
The milk smells as if it is sour.(与事实相符,所以不用虚拟。)
这牛奶闻起来好像是发馊了。
The boy talks as if he were an adult.(与事实相反,所以用虚拟。)
这个男孩说话像个大人似的。
Please pronounce the word the way I do.
请照我这样,读这个单词。
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注意:
在口语中,like也可以引导方式状语从句:
He sat there smiling like it was his birthday.
他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的。 比较状语从句 than, as…as the…the…
1. than
My left eye is better than my right one.
我的左眼比我的右眼好。
She has more time than I.
她的时间比我多。
He is three years older than I.
他比我大三岁。
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注意:
than 后面的代词若在从句中起主语作用的,应用主格。若是起宾语作用的,用宾格。但是,在口语中,不论起何种作用都用宾格,当然,这样就会造成歧义。
I like you better than he.
我喜欢你胜过他喜欢你。
I like you better than him.
我喜欢你胜过我喜欢他。
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2. as…as
It’s as good as the new one.
它像新的一样好。
He’s not as naughty as he was.
他不像过去那么顽皮了。
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3. the…the…
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
英语你听得越多,它就变得越容易。
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